XUMingjie, HUANG Jiaxin, “New Trends in British Economic and Social History: AnInterview with John Hatcher, University of Cambridge”.

LIU Jinghua, “ Medieval City andthe Forming of European Civilization ”.  

The 5^th to15^th century was the breeding period of European civilization. Afterthe rise of European cities and towns in the 11^th century, theiressence changed from feudal vassals to feudal opposites. Medieval cities alsobecame the cradle of new elements of European civilization. Medieval citiescultivated and developed new political civilization factors, such as theconcept of community and autonomy, the concept of freedom and equality, thespirit of democracy and the rule of law, gave birth to the new social force ofthe civil class, and pre-constructed the political form of the modern state.Economically, medieval cities cultivated new economic ideas, gave birth tomodern accounting system, modern financial system and modern corporate system,especially the emerging capitalist production relations, which prompted thecondensation and formation of European civilization in the 16^thcentury.  

ZHOU Dongchen, “ TheEconomic Transformation of the Medieval City of Norwich ”.  

Norwich, the centralcity of East Anglia and its surrounding rural areas, were the most typical areaof "Proto-industrialization" in Britain from the 15^th to18^th century. In the late Middle Ages, Norwich, located in theagricultural developed areas, was the center of domestic and foreign trade ofagricultural products. After the 17^th century, Norwich' s wooltextile industry gradually developed. At the beginning of the 18th century,Norwich' s wool textile industry ranked first in Britain in terms of the numberof weavers, the market share at home and abroad, the output and quality of woolfabrics. Norwich's initial transformation from a medieval agriculturaldistribution center to a modern industrial city was an excellent example of thetransformation of the "Proto-industrialization" areas before theBritish Industrial Revolution and the traditional cities in early modernEngland.  

DENG Shaobing, “TheDevelopment of ‘Alternative Agriculture’ in Early Modern England”.  

"Alternativeagriculture" refers to the agriculture of planting alternative crops suchas industrial raw material crops, vegetables, fruit trees and herbs, which hadappeared in medieval England. In early modern England, "alternativeagriculture" experienced a relatively slow to significant developmentprocess, which benefited from the favorable conditions of market, land, laborforce and technology provided by the social and economic changes in the period.The development of "alternative agriculture" not only increased theincome of alternative crop growers, but also provided more employmentopportunities for the British underclass. It not only provided a lot of rawmaterials for the development of British domestic industry, but also provided alot of food  

for the survival ofBritish people. Its development promoted the prosperity and stability ofBritish  

social economy in thisperiod, and promoted the transformation of British social economy to a certainextent.  

WANG Yunlong and GAOLu, “ The Normans Narrated in the Historical Sources of Byzantine”.  

There are few recordsabout Normans in Byzantine historical sources, mainly including the biographyof her father and Emperor, The Alexiad, written by Anna Komnena, and Chronographiawritten by Michael Psellus, the famous Byzantine theological philosopher,statesman and chronicler in the 11^th century. These two historicalbooks describe three kinds of Normans: Robert Guiscard, the riders of the Empire;Roussel de Bailleul, the adherents of rebellion; Robert Crispin, the faithfuladherents. Because the Byzantine Emperor Michael was deposed, Robert Guiscard,the Duke of Calabria and Apulia, as well as Michael' s relative in law,launched an army to attack Byzantine. The fate of the two adherents of Normanin Byzantine was deplorable, whether loyal or not, in the treacherousByzantine, the leaders of Norman adherents would be abandoned once they losttheir value of use.  

LIU Hongnan, “TheEpiscopal Collegiality of the Gaulish Church during the Early Medieval Period”.  

In the process of Gaulsociety from the late classical period to the early Middle Ages, the episcopalcollegialty had a high degree of mutually beneficial coexistence with theGaulish secular regime. With the increasing reliance of Frankish monarchs onChristianity, the main practical forms of the episcopal collegiality, namelythe election of bishop, the councils and excommunication, gradually ascendedfrom church tradition to kingdom behavior, and finally became an indispensablecrucial factor in the power structure of the kingdom of Franks. And on thisbasis, the conciliar canons established by the episcopal order to deal with thesocial crisis promoted the Christianization process of the Frankish society onthe one hand, and at the same time eased the antagonism and conflict betweenthe privileged class and the ordinary people, which also made up for theabsence of local public education and relief in the kingdom of Franks to alarge extent.  

MAO Guangyuan,“Epidemic and Prevention of Rinderpest in the Period of the Republic of China”.  

In the traditionalagricultural society of China, cattle were the large-scale draught animalswhich were widely raised in the farming areas and played an important role inagricultural production. During the period of the Republic of China, due to thelimited health and epidemic prevention work in rural areas and the lack ofmedical and health knowledge among farmers, rinderpest was prevalent throughoutthe country and countless cattle died. Rinderpest caused a large number ofdeaths of farm cattle, aggravated the decline of agriculture and animalhusbandry economy，worsened the rural publichealth environment, and caused social disorder. The destructiveness ofrinderpest had put the national prevention and control work on the agenda.Through the establishment of epidemic prevention agencies, propaganda andmobilization, prevention and control practice, the scientific consciousness of ordinarypeople had been improved, and the attitude of farmers towards modern veterinaryknowledge and the way of prevention and control of rinderpest have graduallychanged.  

XIAO Yifan, “TheSocial Activities of Female Religious Orders in France in the 19t'' Century”                                                                                   Althoughthe French Revolution severely damaged Catholicism, since 1801, the number offemale religious orders increased rapidly and they actively participated insocial activities such as charity, education and medical treatment, whichbecame an important driving force for the revival of Catholicism. Taking the1860s and 1870s as the turning point, the social service function of femalereligious orders had made remarkable achievements; since then, the stronganti-religious sentiment of the Republic and the need of the secularization ofthe state forced Catholicism to withdraw from public life, and female religiousorders also faded out of the public view and turned to the private sphere.  

JIANG Dongdong,“Predicament of Yunnan Gejiu Tin Industry Development From 1912 to 1927”.  

After the Republic ofChina, due to the prosperity of the international tin industry market, Gejiutin industry in Yunnan also made a certain degree of development, but soon fellinto predicament. Lack of capital is an important reason for this predicament,which was manifested in three aspects: lack of original capital, slow capitalaccumulation and lack of bank credit. The main causes are the issuance of hugedomestic debt by Yunnan provincial government, the credit crunch of FudianBank, the withdrawal of overseas Chinese capital and the deterioration ofbusiness environment. The predicament of Gejiu tin industry development showsthat good social situation and business environment are the premise ofindustrial development, otherwise, no matter how many development opportunitieswill be futile.  

LI Jing, “Study on thePrevention and Control Measures of Tuberculosis in New York City at the End ofthe 19^th Century”.  

In the second half ofthe 19^th century, major cities in the United States had launchedmany infectious disease control activities. Among them, the New York City tuberculosisprevention and control campaign had the largest scale and far-reaching impact.New York City Health Bureau set up "health laboratory" creatively,test diagnosis of tuberculosis, created case report system, carried out health publicityand education, and standardized the health habits of residents. These measuresnot only turned the management of urban environment health to the prevention ofinfectious diseases, but also become the legal basis for the government toexpand the health power by using the "bacterial theory". Theprevention and control activities carried out by non-governmental organizationseffectively make up for the absence and deficiency of administrativejurisdiction. New York City's tuberculosis campaign had become a model for othercities in the United States to fight infectious diseases.  

WANG Guangkun,“Charity Medicine and Poverty Relief Medicine in Britain in the 19^thCentury”.  

The epidemic spread inEngland in the 19^th Century. Voluntary hospitals donated by charityand  

poverty reliefmedicine provided free services for the lower class. However, it was difficultfor doctors and managers in voluntary hospitals to distinguish whether apatient was qualified to receive free diagnosis and treatment, leading to abuseof outpatient services and the debate of reform. The medical service under thesystem of poverty relief law effectively guaranteed the physical and mentalhealth of the lower class, but the subsequent the New Poor Law focusedon the administrative control of poverty relief in the hospital and gavedoctors too much responsibility, resulting in frequent reforms. In 1911, theBritish government promulgated the National Insurance Law, whichincorporated the results of the reform, and incorporated the two major medicalservice systems into the nationalized medical insurance system, which laid thefoundation for the construction of the modern medical service system inBritain.  

NIE Wen, “Barber-surgeons in Europe Before the 19^th Century”.  

The barber-surgeon wasa significant medical group that existed in European countries before the 19^thcentury. Because of their humble background and non-standard operations, theywere criticized by the contemporaries and modern scholars. They were theproduct of the early medieval European religious and medical environment. Atthe same time of serving the people, it kept growing. It had made contributionsin setting up surgical standards, standardizing the medical market, practicingmedical treatment and providing battlefield treatment. With the advent of theera of scientific medicine, barber-surgeons have gradually been replaced bymodern doctors, but their historical contributions deserve full affirmation.  

LI Huawen, “ EpidemicDiseases and Control in Guangdong and Guangxi during the Republic of China”.  

The epidemic diseasesspread frequently in Guangdong and Guangxi during the Republic of China. Itcould be divided into three stages: mild, moderate and severe, with the mostsevere stage in 1940s, mainly concentrated in 7 regions, eastern Guangdong,Pearl River Delta region, western Guangdong, northern and northeast HainanIsland, northeast, southeast and central Guangxi. The epidemic in Guangdong isworse than in Guangxi. There were nearly 20 kinds of epidemic diseases, mainly cholera,plague, smallpox, malaria, meningitis, dysentery, typhoid and paratyphoid andso on. In the face of the epidemic crisis, the government had assumed the mainresponsibility for the prevention and control of epidemic diseases, and themeasures were mainly mass vaccination. Civil charities had made a difference ingiving medicine. General a often appealed to supernatural beings for help. The preventionand control of epidemic diseases in Guangdong and Guangzhou of the Republic ofChina was unsatisfactory. The immediate reason was the scarcity of medicalresources. The fundamental reason was the social environment of natural andman-made disasters.  

ZHANG Shanglian, “TheEvolution of the Official Language in Medieval England”.  

England began towitness trilingualism after the Norman Conquest: the Crown and government usedFrench and Latin, the Church used Latin while the populace used English.However, the social linguistic context changed considerably after the Normannobility lost their land in France in the early 13^th century.Henceforth, there were uneven fluctuations as to where English and French wereused and how they functioned as an official language. French had been regardedas the most appropriate language for important parliamentary rolls in Englandand almost all the parliamentary petitions were written in French till the1420s. Nevertheless, English was frequently adopted in parliamentary writingsin the mid-15^th century and rose to be the official language in latemedieval England.  

SHAO Zhengda, “ TheRise of Lawyer-Chancellors in England in the 16^th Century and ItsLegal  

Significance”.  

The transformationfrom the medieval Ecclesiastical Chancellor to the Lawyer-Chancellor in the 16^thcentury,accompanied by the reshaping of political status and power structure, laid thefoundation of the system of modern Lord Chancellor. The rise ofLawyer-Chancellors was the result of the interaction of internal and externalfactors: the loss of the traditional knowledge and political advantage of theclergy，the political need ofTudor monarchs to strengthen the supremacy of royal power and the reform will toease the conflict of law constituted the external causes. The expansion of theJudicial power of the Lord Chancellor and the prominence of his legal identityconstituted the internal motivation. The legal significance of the rise ofLawyer-Chancellors lies in the promotion of the start of the modernization ofequity. On the one hand, through judicial practice and reform, the LordChancellor promoted the transition from the uncertain "conscience" inthe Middle Ages to the regularized modern equity; On the other hand, itpromoted the establishment of harmonious partnership between equity and common law,and developed the "priority of Equity" principle in modern Englishlaw, and then established the duality of modern English law.  

WANG Xiaobo, “AnAnalysis of Byzantine Sex Crime Legislation in the 8^th Century”.  

In the 8^thcentury, the Byzantine Empire made quite harsh laws in the fight against sexualcrimes. In the Code of Ecologanomon, sexual crimes were frequently punished byflogging, exile, or even extortion, sword or death penalty. The severelegislation of sexual crimes in Byzantine Empire was the result of manyfactors. There were a large number of sexual disorders and crimes in theEmpire, which required severe punishment to prevent a repetition of the RomanEmpire's demise as a result of promiscuity and to maintain the long-termstability of the Empire. At the same time, the harshness of Byzantine Empire'ssexual crime legislation was not only deeply influenced by Christian morality,but also incorporated the concept of severe punishment of Islamic law.  

YANG Jie and ZHAOHuibing, “The 1948 Donora Smog and the Beginnings of the Modern Politics of theEnvironment in the United States”.  

The 1948 Donora smogwas the first acute fatal air pollution event in the United States. Donora isan industrial town in Pennsylvania. In October 1948, the town had a severe smogdisaster that sickened nearly half of its 14,000 residents and killed dozens,which caused unfavorable influence. After the event, all levels of societysearched for the causes of Donora smoke. The United States Public Health Serviceis also involved in the disaster investigation into the smog incident. Theseinitiatives have not only sparked heated public debate about the health andenvironmental impacts of industrial pollution, but also promoted thedevelopment of a series of environmental policies by the federal government andgreat environmental movement by the people.  

BAI Lizan, “On theGreat Locust Plague in North America in the Late 19th Century”.  

Locust plague was along-standing problem in the history of agriculture. The only complete defeatof locust was in the late 19`" century: Large-scale locust infestationscaused by Rocky Mountain Locusts (Melanoplus spretus) swept across theNorth American continent, seriously affecting the production and life ofpioneers in the western United States, causing huge losses in agriculture anddisplacement of people. However, only 30 years later, at the beginning of the20^th century, the species of Rocky Mountain Locust went extinct anddisappeared completely. The occurrence of locust plagues was not only relatedto the migratory habits of locusts, but also closely related to the humanagricultural activities that change the natural environment. However, the extinctionof the species of Rocky Mountain Locust was directly related to human'sreclamation.  

FANG Dong and LI Lian,“The Relief of the Great Famine after the Frost Disaster in Yunnan in 1925”.  

In 1925, a greatfamine was caused by the frost disaster in the east of Yunnan province, and thepeople's livelihood was extremely destitute. At the same time, in the east ofYunnan province, the abnormal low temperature of the spring and summer lastedfor three years, which seriously damaged the production of grain crops inspring and autumn. When the frost disaster broke out, the farmers had no foodto live, and the famine spread rapidly. At that time, the social environment ofYunnan province was extremely fragile, the local storage system had collapsed.The government of Tang Jiyao was in financial difficulties, and Yunnan provincedid not have the ability of effective famine relief. Although the government ofYunnan Province had asked for help from the government of Beiyang, the laterdid not pay attention to it. In the absence of a national disaster reliefforces, the relief effect of the local governments and civil forces is notobvious.  

ZHU Dongbei, “1930'sShanghai Labor Literacy Education Movement”.  

In 1930's, laboreducation in Shanghai was originally a public welfare activity outside thenational politics. After the start of training, the new life movement had beendeepening, and mastering the right of labor education became the top priority.The education mode of official supervision and management came into being. TheLiteracy Education Committee set up by the Shanghai municipal authorities wasexpected to ensure the effective promotion of literacy education through thelinkage hierarchical divisions, as well as the sophisticated propaganda andinvestigation, and even the modern police force. However, in the operationspace with the purpose of citizen training, the cooperation between businessgroups and the government also faced multiple benefits coordination, and labor literacyeducation eventually became an inefficient compulsory movement.