1. Influence of the Reformation on the Historical Process in Europe
2.ZHAO Xiurong, “On the Cognition of Suicide in England”.
Suicide is associated with the most entrenched social traditions. The cognition of suicide reflects the very basic principle of an era. This can be seen in the English society’s changing attitude to suicide from the strict medieval view to more tolerant in late Modern period. Secularization and decontamination of suicide reflects the changes to the mentality of English society in late modern period. There are four reasons for these changes: the increasing instance of suicide; the “medicalization” of suicide; the appearance of the voice of reason; the opposition of corrupt customs.
3.WANG Chaohua, “On Wage-Negotiations and the Golden Age of England Laborers”.
Western academia viewed the later Middle Ages as a Golden Age of England laborers. However, it did not appear automatically after the Black Death, and it had a slow process of realizing. Negotiation was the main way for laborers to strive for the high wages. The Great Plague and population decline gave laborers a vantage position in the labor market, and they also rebuilt the laborers’ work ethics and work patterns. Single bargaining was the main form, but collective negotiations began to appear. At last, laborers’ wages and the standard of living were improved increasingly, and laborers stepped into the Golden Age. The Study on the wages and living standard through the perspective of wage-negotiation enables us to understand deeply about the economic and social structure in the Middle Ages, and also it offer some clues to the researches on history of English labor relations and labor policies.
4.ZUO Zhijun, “On the Historical Reasons of Wine’s Superiority in Europe”.
Wine is one of the basic beverages in ancient and medieval Europe, and it enjoys great superiority over other alcoholic beverages. The origin of its superiority is closely related to the symbolism of wine. People’s conceptions about the substantial properties of wine and beer also contribute to the superiority of wine. In the history of Europe, wine has long been the beverage which is exclusively enjoyed by privileged classes, religious groups and upper class of the society. Drinking wine becomes one of the symbols of their social status and the core of their social identity, which is also one of the reasons for the superiority of wine.
5.YANG Dongliang, “The Social Economic Development on the Eve of Meiji Restoration in Japan”.
By the middle of 19th century, Tokugawa Bakufu rule of Japan had come to the end. At that time, the formation of local market economic circle surrounding the “three metropolises” based on development of commodity economy, the emergence of primary capitalist production relation represented by widespread household handicrafts and small amount of factory handicrafts and the concurrent of differentiation within both ruling class and ruled class indicated that the foundation of Tokugawa Bakufu rule in late feudal had already been severely shaken. The large scale entrance of western colonial forces after opening-up had become the catalysts of collapse of Tokugawa Bakufu rule. The change of both development level of productive forces and production relations constituted the basis for capitalist road soon after Meiji Restoration in Japan.
6.LIN Tongwei, “Mercantilism in Late Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan”.
In late Tokugawa Shogunate period, Japan was forced to open the country by the western powers, both national crisis and social crisis were unprecedentedly grave. During that period, Japanese ideologists have come up with a suggestion which base on the modern Western economic theories. In this suggestion, Japan had to change its traditional economic system, to learn both the market system and the trading policies from the western countries. Some opinions of mercantilism were put into practice in certain circumstances at that time, which facilitated the modern Japanese socio-economic transformation.
7.LIU Hebo, “America’s Response to the Shutdown of EC-121 Reconnaissance Aircraft by DPRK in 1969”.
America’s EC-121 Reconnaissance Aircraft was shut down by DPRK in 1969, which resulted in 31 lives missing. The incident was the first major crisis after Nixon’s taking office, Nixon Administration dealt with the crisis through the diplomatic channel because of the factors including Vietnam War, situation of the Korean Peninsula and the native pressure. However, Nixon Administration adjusted the managing mechanism to deal with the crisis for the incident, which result was that Washington Special Actions Group was set up. The agency played the active roles in dealing with the following crises such as Jordan Crisis and Yom Kipper War. But the agency’s function was limited when it did with US-DPRK frictions and the crises in Korean Peninsula. Meanwhile, the decision-making idea that Nixon administration managed the crises in Korean Peninsula had importance on the following American administrations and the relations between US and its allies.
8.ZHAO Keren, “Influence of the Game between Britain and Soviet Union on Resistance Movement in Yugoslavia”.
During the Second World War, especially after Nazi Germany invaded Yugoslavia, the two major countries in the anti-fascist camp, the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom, made an attempt to impose their own European policies on Yugoslavia with the purpose to affect the development of the domestic resistance movement. Affected by the two major countries, the two resistance forces in the territory of Yugoslavia, Chetnik and the Communist guerrillas of Yugoslavia, became greatly different on their opinions of the state system and regime, which resulted in their hard cooperation. At the end of the war, although Stalin and Churchill reached a half-half-deal agreement in Yugoslavia, the partisans led by Tito did not act as pawns in the big game. Instead, they fought in a flexible way between the two strong forces with wits and courage. As a result, the two countries’ attempt to dominate the future of Yugoslavia fell in vain.
9.ZHANG Guopeng and LI Yongsheng, “The Masses’ Situation and Reaction at the Beginning of Wuchang Uprising”.
For the purpose of “Anti-Manchuism” and “Republicanism”, the Wuchang Uprising brought about
the destruction of the old regime as well as the social disorder, sparking people’s panic and escape. People generally took the wait-and-see attitude toward the Revolution, they did not understand the purpose of the Republic, and also lacked confidence in the prospects of the Revolution. The Republic in the city appeared superficial after the recovery of Wuchang. All the situation indicates that in order to achieve the purpose of “Republicanism” advocated by the Wuchang Uprising, the reformation in the idea realm and structure of the society has to be unfolded extensively. Based on the general historical study on the Revolution of 1911, the investigation of the masses’ response to the Wuchang Uprising can help us have a better understanding of the degree of changes during the Revolution.
10.HU Yuehan and Wang Shengyu, “People’ Appeals and Government’s Response: Administrative Boundary Adjustment of County and Township in Zhejiang Province during 1950s”.
In the 1950s, the new regime of the Communist Party re-demarcated and adjusted the primary administrative region, which has led to the contradiction with the traditional rural production and living space. Moreover, the dirigiste policies also intensified the inconvenience of the people. Both elements gave rise to the need of border adjustment, which aimed at the restoration of the natural spatial pattern of rural area. As for the county-level regime, border adjustment could not only affect the establishment of the village cadres, but also impact the financial revenue and expenditure. Meanwhile, in order to provide legitimacy for their need of border adjustment, the populace repeatedly emphasized “developing production” and “food purchasing” as the key task of the state, which made the local governments have to response. In this sense, a game played by the populace and local governments can be observed.
11.YANG Songtao, “Communication between Law and History: Notes on the Conference of Common law and Civil Law from the Perspective of Historical Comparative”.
