1.HUANG Chungao, “Comments on ‘Medieval Lordship’—— Lordship Studies of Professor Thomas N. Bisson”.
This brief review is going to give some introductions and comments for “Medieval Lordship”, the paper of Thomas Bisson. It suggests that the essay of Professor Bisson should be read and understood carefully under the context of American historiography of feudalism studies. Through the whole paper, Professor Bisson has clearly described and profoundly analyzed the experience that the rise, the growth and the crisis of lordship had happened successively in medieval Europe. Due to the lordship’s ubiquity that his research has represented, Professor Bisson would strongly invite medievalists to turn more attention to lordship. This review holds a view that Professor Bisson has greatly contributed to medieval studies, especially to feudalism studies, because of his heralding paper and revolutional theory.
2.Thomas N. Bisson, “Medieval Lordship”.
3.LIU Jinghua, “Some Research Methods to the Urban and Rural History in Europe”.
To study the urban and rural history of Europe, we should use as many first-hand documental materials as possible, such as archival documents, laws and regulations, statutes, contracts, church’s wedding or baptism records, tax registrations, and other works wrote by the contemporaries. We also can use the physical materials and image data, etc. In addition, we should also hold and create the chances to carry out investigation as possible, on the base of our knowledge and for the objects of research. The materials about landscape which obtained by investigation is conducive to deepening and understanding existing knowledge, and may change some of existing conclusions and ideas, make new thinking or get the research inspiration. In the process of studying the urban history and rural history, we should pay attention to the details, in order to enhance the persuasibility of discourse.
4.LI Xinkuan, “The Formation of Market Economy in England”.
The conditions needed for the development of market economy were completed in early modern England with the collapsing of feudal agrarian economy and the rising of nation-state. Market economy was more and more controlled by the market coordination mechanisms, the market decision-making mechanism and the government regulation mechanisms. These three core mechanism gradually formed market economy. At that time England was in a historical stage of mercantilism, so the stage of the market economy could also be called mercantilist market economy. It formed between the alternating period of the feudal agrarian economy and capitalist liberty economy, and had four basic characteristics which were transitional, long-range, complicated, double-edged and periodical.
5.HE Ping, “The British Global Governance during the “Globalization 1.0” Period”.
In the middle of 19th century, Britain was the leading economic power, had also the hegemony on the sea. She started to push forward a series of policies aiming to promote the world’s economic integration, such as free trade and gold-standard. The world’s economic integration reached an unprecedented integration. During this so-called “Globalization 1.0” period, Britain actually performed global governance. She maintained order on the international water, abolished various rules and regulations which hindered the free navigation and trade, laid submarine cables across the oceans and drew navigation maps of the seas. Unfortunately, however in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, she failed to give a right leadership in coping with the changing reality of power structure of the world and resultant struggles for superiority accompanying the progress of globalization, and finally the world was thrown into imperialist wars.
6.YANG Yicheng and LIU Jinyuan, “The Origin and Resolution of Heligoland Dispute”.
The Island of Heligoland is located in the southeastern corner of the North Sea off German coast, and it had been a British possession from 1807 to 1890. Germans placed a high value on the island for defensive and naval purposes, so they required the acquisition of Heligoland after the unification. Under the influence of the Anglo-German Relation, national power and international environment, this island dispute was mainly settled by diplomatic negotiations. Also, the development of the colonial rivalries had effect on the settlement of Heligoland. In 1890, the Anglo-German Agreement of 1890, better known as the Treaty of Heligoland-Zanzibar was signed. In the clauses of the Treaty the British offered the cession of Heligoland as an exchange for the Germans to relinquish their claims to Wito and Zanzibar. The style of the settlement of Heligoland dispute has significance in practice. In order to solve conflicts of island disputes, it is necessary to realize the core interests. Then appropriate tactics could be used to reach a settlement to the benefit of all and avoid military conflict.
7.DENG Lilan, “The Environmental Sanitation Management of Shanghai: 1945 – 1949”.
After the Anti-Japanese War, Shanghai environmental sanitation becomes a serious problem, and sanitary facilities and medical personnel were shorted comparing with the pre-war time. The Shanghai government organized an Sanitary Committee and launched the clean campaign. The Shanghai City Council and its Health Committee’s supervised and questioned the health administration. The administrative authorities were diligent in open administration, strengthening management, paying attention to the institutional construction and the improvement of technical equipment, and actively in response to the Council supervision. However, because of the changes of situation, the shorted financial support, and the Health Bureau stretching to take the sanitation management as its duty, resulted that Shanghai city environmental sanitation was still unsatisfactory.
8.REN Jidong, “Excrement Governance of Modern Chinese Cities: A Case Study of Tianjin”.
Different concepts of excrement led to different ways to govern excrement in the cities of east and west. In modern times, with the strong introduction of the western concept of public health, excrement governance was gradually brought into the state administration. Cities in china began to build public toilets and carried out modern operation, they established a set of new ways which absorbed western experiences to govern excrement. All of these not only affected the trends of the traditional industries, but also constantly changed the modes of city governance.
9.LI Yang and GUO Xianxian, “The Establishment of Antique Museum and Its Social Repercussions during the Early Period of Republic of China”.
The Antique Museum was established in 1914 by the government. Henceforth, because the antiques were loyal property, the museum has aroused lots of debates over academic ideas. During the early period of the Republic of China, the government and some elitist intellectuals have tried to utilize the museum to awaken citizens and popularize the idea of aesthetic education. Though the antique museum aroused lots of criticism in public, some progress has been achieved upon the protection of cultural heritage and academic research.
10.CHEN Qitai, “Differences of Confucian Officials in Han Shu”.
BAN Gu recognised Juan Buyi, Shu Guang, Gong Yu, Peng Xuan and the like as the person who was incorruptible, not lusting for power and speaking without reserve in Han Shu. On the contrary, he denounced Kuang Heng, Zhang Yu and the like as the person who kept up their appearances by Confucianism, climbed up to high positions with greedy egotism. It proved that after the prevailing of Confucianism, there were a group of people who had profound knowledge and magnificent sentiment, meanwhile, there were also hypocrites who climbed up the social ladder by reciting the learning Confucian classics. These two kinds of people’s descriptions and comments in Han Shu, provide us a perspective to consider the historical role of Confucianism.
11.ZHAO Wenhong, “Reflections on One Character Differences between the Name of a Place”.
