1.CHEN Yong, “Origins and Frontier Issues of Social History of Medicine in the West”.
Social history of medicine in the West originated from the disciplinary crossing of Social Historyand Medicine, and came into being as a new branch of history of particular subjects in the 20th century. To understand and grab the spirit of the new branch, it's necessary to review originsand evolution of it, and to reveal its main academic attributes tallying with the general history ofcivilization and the trend of development of history. Furthermore, it's helpful to evaluate and rethinksuch frontier issues as medical relief, relationship between patients and doctors. History showsthat social problems in the medical circle emerge repeatedly, studies on social history of medicinehave never highlighted the academic value and social significance of the new branch of history ofparticular subjects.
2.ZHAO Xiurong, “Factors Affecting Medical Ethics in Modern Western Europe”.
People are always tried to keep healthy, but often have to face the challenge of disease. The practiceof Medicine and the medical industry have developed in providing cures for these diseases andto maintain people's good health. As part of this development, the question has arisen as to whatkind of ethics is maintained by medical practitioners. It is clear that medical ethics have alwaysinfluenced medical development and the way it has evolved. Some historical research indicates thatmedical ethics came into being with the development of medical technology in Western Europe.I believe that the Greco-Roman tradition, Christianity, government policy, the writings of somedoctors and the actual behavior of doctors and nurses have also played an important role in thedevelopment of medical ethics in Western Europe. Exploring the factors that affect medical ethicswill not only help us understand the historical development of European civilization, but also helpus explore new problems and challenges to medical ethics that we face today.
3.Anne Lokke, “The Royal Lying-in Hospital in the Late Eighteenth Century Denmark”.
This passage shows a social network of mutual interdependent individuals by the research of theRoyal Lying-in Hospital in Copenhagen in the late Eighteenth Century at a micro level. The RoyalLying-in Hospital received wealthy married women, even if the main purpose was to provide a birthplace free of charge to unwed poor women. The figuration of the different individuals at the hospital according to the space, privileges and services that made this inhomogeneous patient population possible under one roof. Zones of quarantine along the social differentials impeded the spread of infection from the women laying free to those paying. The author considers that there seem to have been at least three reasons for attracting the paying, to ensure the standards of the maternity hospital would not deteriorate, to brand the Lying-in Hospital and to create it second to none of the other maternity hospitals. The author points that, the very presence of the wealthy married women in an institution prompted a careful figuration along the lines of social differentials, which were also effective at curbing outbreak epidemics of puerperal fewer. This was the very strategies that had kept puerperal fever low until the development of antiseptic knowledge and techniques.
4.YU Yon Sil, “Peiping Health Society of Women and Children and the Medical Services in 1930s”.
Peiping Health Society of Women and Children was established in February 1930, but the Society broke out in 1937, because of the Anti-Japanese War. Peiping Health Society of Women and Children set up first birth control clinic, its birth control education and contraceptive health services has left a precious historical experience. Under the efforts of the Society, in 1935 the Chinese Medical Association officially recognized birth control as one of the main public health, and the scope of birth control gradually expands to medical treatment, public sanitation and health care of women and infants. At the same time, production and distribution of contraception drug and the improvement of technical level of birth control and medical treatment bring a favorable turn to the development of the movement of birth control.
5.Ragnhild Hutchison, “An Industrious Revolution: Norwegian Road to the Modern Market Economy?”.
Jan de Vries' theory of an industrious revolution has received much attention from historiansworking on economic and social development. Its aim is to unify the contrasting descriptions ofthe rise of the Industrial Revolution, but the question is how it fits the empirical development.This article tests if the industrious revolution is a fruitful concept to use to describe and explainpre-industrial development in Norway. It concludes that Norwegian pre-industrial economicdevelopment resembles an industrious revolution only superficially. On closer examination, it isclear that the consumer aspirations that are central in the industrious revolution theory were not themain driving force behind the economic development that took place in pre-industrial Norway.Onemust instead see the changes in a wider, transnational perspective.
6.ZHU Xiaoyuan, “Impacts of the Reformation on the Social Transformation of the Early Modern Germany”.
This paper explores the different political ideas of the Reformation and the German Peasants' Warand seeks to relate them to the values and attitudes of Martin Luther and the social groups whichwere called "the Common Man". Based primarily on careful reading of the printed sources, chiefly pamphlets, this paper offers an original analysis of the causes, goals and consequences of theReformation. This paper also speaks highly of the Common Man's Republic, considered it as a kindof true early modern state, representing the substantive progress of the 16th century politics.
7.LONG Xiuqing, “The Historiography of the Medieval Religious Life”.
The Western Historians had a deeper and more complex understanding on medieval Christianityby probing into the popular religious life in the 20th century. While the Middle Ages was no longerregarded as a "Faith Age" or a "Folklore Age', they emphasized the similarity and differences andinteraction between the clerical culture and laity culture, elite culture and popular culture, and thatis so much new questions rather than a new conclusion. We must conscientiously explore and gaincontrol the degree of Christianizing Medieval society.
8.YAO Yuan, “Origins of the Academic Journal System and Academic Reward in Modern England”.
Since 20thcentury, knowledge production has been acknowledged as an important power for theprogress of the society. More and more academic researches focus their attentions on finding theadvantage for improving of knowledge production. In 1950s, a few western scholars began tointerest in the function of some academic systems for improving of knowledge production. And thenthis new method became a paradigm. England is the earliest rising power of Europe in early moderntimes. The Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution showed that theknowledge production played an important part in the progress of the England. It is worth thinkingwhat power to improve such a progress of the knowledge production. The academic serial systemswere established in 17th -19th. The author thinks the researches on the improving of the academicserial systems of England can make us to find out the cause of the progress of the knowledgeproduction of England.
9.ZHANG Qinghai, “On the Shift in Jewish Policy of the Mid-Twelfth Century France”.
In the mid-twelfth century, many unfavorable factors appeared in French society. Due to the needto strengthen national treasury, the French kings slobbered the usury of the Jews. At the same time,some local nobles began to adopt new applies for the Jews to resist the kingship and afford moretaxation. The church strengthened the restrictions for the Jews, and the people of low level accusedthe Jews for usury. The applies for the Jews of French government began to be severe. All these areimportant for understanding European anti-Semitism.
10.SHI Haibo, “Relations between Historiography and Philosophy from the Perspective of the ‘Cyclic Historical Idea’ of Ancient Greek”.
Hesiod depicted the myth of five ages in his "work and days", which is rich in oriental elements.That's the first clear description of "cyclic historical idea" of ancient Greek. In later historicalprocess of development, the "cyclic historical idea" weakened the ingredients of the "east" and"myth" gradually, and became a kind of popular ideal of philosophy. But the mainstream ofhistoriography, did not reflect this so-called cyclic historical idea.Under a contradictory backgroundbetween philosophy and historiography, philosophy provided solid knowledge foundation andacademic soil for historiography, but inclined to take ephemeral historical events as the basicmaterial. Historiography maintained its own tradition and criterion, and never wanted to enter thefield of philosophy. Historiography and philosophy, as the faith and reason of ancient Greece, are inthe condition of equilibrium though in the condition of contradiction at the same time.
11.YANG Xinglong, “On the Levels of Income and Living Conditions of Different Occupational Hierarchies in the Early Republic of China”.
There was a huge income difference between different occupational hierarchies in the early Republic of China. The upper society such as the government officials and the university professors etc. Could earn hundreds of Yuan per month, while the middle class such as the middle school teachers and the newspaper editors earned from dozens of Yuan to one hundred Yuan and the ordinary workers who were at the bottom of the society could only earn about ten Yuan. The levels of income of different occupational hierarchies in early Republic of China is an important basis to know about people's fife status and it also helps to know national economic and social development status correctly.
12.LIU Jun, “Labour Law: A New Perspective of Canadian Labour History—An Interview with Eric Tucker”.
